Plant Flora of Iran: History and Applications in Traditional Medicine
Mehdi
Razzaghi-Abyaneh
Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
author
Mohammad-Bagher
Rezaee
Department of Medicinal Plants and By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O. Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Kamkar
Jaimand
Department of Medicinal Plants and By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O. Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Masoomeh
Shams-Ghahfarokhi
Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
1
2
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108424_ebc42ca948d4f3827fef8d791886e04d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108424
Correlation between Anthocyanin and Essential Oil Content of Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.)
Akbar
Karami
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
author
Morteza
Khosh-Khui
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
author
Hassan
Salehi
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
author
Mohammad Jamal
Saharkhiz
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
The essential oil of Rosa damascena Mill. is one of the most valuable and important base material in the flavor and fragrance industry. It has also some medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between anthocyanin and essential oil content of Damask rose petals in 6 important Damask rose growing in some locations of Iran i.e. Meimand, Layzangan, Shiraz Eram Botanical Garden, Shiraz College of Agriculture, Kashan and Urumia. The results of this investigation indicated that the essential oil and anthocyanin contents were significantly different in the petals harvested at various locations. The highest oil content (0.155%) and anthocyanin content (2.368) was obtained from the Shiraz Eram Botanical Garden. A high positive correlation (r Sq Linear = 0.812) was obtained between oil and anthocyanin content of Damask rose.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
3
6
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108427_12bc02b81b1f9e3dfeed8af43392bf44.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108427
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Six Hypericum Species (Hypericaceae) from Iran
Kamkar
Jaimand
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Mohammad-Bagher
Rezaee
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Mahmood
Naderi
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Valiollah
Mozaffrian
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Rahman
Azadi
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Shahrokh
Karimi
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Mostafa
Gholipoor
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
The genus Hypericum is one of the most important medicinal plants that contain 17 species in Iran, three of them are endemics. This paper reports the essential oil composition of six Hypericum species from Iran. The essential oil analysis of a number of the studied plants has already been reported but their report from Iran may be valuable for scientists. Samples collected between June and August 2007. The composition of the essential oils from Hypericum was investigated on flower and leaf. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method and then were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Main components obtained in H. dogonbadanicum (endemic of Iran) on flower were phenyl ethyl octanoate(29.0%), terpin-4-ol (20.0%), and a-phellandrene (12.9%), and on leaf were b-pinene (54.3%), a-pinene (12.0%) and p-cymene (11.0%), in H. helianthemoides on flower were a-pinene (55.9%), Z-b-ocimene (8.7%) and b-pinene (7.5%), and in H. hyssopifolium on flower were a-pinene (49.5%), b-pinene (12.9%) and n-tetradecan (5.2%) and on leaf were E-nerolidol (21.0%), n-tetradecane (15.8%) and a-himachalene(13.3%), in H. lysimachioides on flower were a-pinene (55.0%), Z-b-ocimene (30.7%) and n-tetradecane (2.7%), in H. perforatumon flower were E-b-farnesene (14.7%), n-hexadecanal (9.1%) and E-nerolidol (7.8%), and in H. triquetrifolium on flower were n-tetradecane (21.3%), a-himachalene (14.2%) and a-pinene (10.7%), and on leaf were a-himachalen (27%), n-tetradecane (25.7%) and n-pentadecane (7.0%).
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
7
11
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108434_c2f1135e4602c41b3c71dbe2e0b64bb9.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108434
Essential Oil Composition, Total Phenol, Flavonoid, Anthocyanin and Antioxidant Activities in Different Parts of Artemisia annua L. in Two Localities (North of Iran)
Masoumeh
Mazandarani
Department of Botany, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
author
Zahra
Majidi
Department of Botany, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
author
Parastoo
Zarghami-Moghaddam
Research Center of Natural Products Safety and Medicinal Plants, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran
author
Mehdi
Abrodi
Young Researchers Club, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
author
Helen
Hemati
Baharan Higher Education Institute of Gorgan, Gorgan, Iran
author
Fatemeh
Fathiazad
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
In this study, we evaluate the different biological activities of Artemisia annua L., locally known as "Moureh", in various altitudes in North of Iran, which has been used as sedative, fever few, anti inflammation, insecticide and anti infection to treat many current diseases. Parts of plants were collected from two different localities (23-1000 m) in Mazandaran province, North of Iran. The most important of secondary metabolites of total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and total anthocyanin (TA) content of extracts were investigated by spectrophotometry method and their antioxidant activity were obtained by Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Reducing Power (RP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH). The essential oils were obtained by hydro distillated in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 5h and analyzed by GC/MS. Results indicate that the main components in essential oils were identified as Artemisia ketone (25.54- 13.6%), followed by 1,8-cineole (11.98-13.26%), camphor (11.89-13.68%), α-pinene (10.11-9.29%) in AFRACHAL (1000m) and DOLAT ABAD (23m) regions , respectively. TP content had significant variation in different plant parts and regions, ranging from (11.22 to 16.94) mgGAEg-1, TF content (11.62 to 63.74) mgQUE g-1and quantity of TA (0.03 to 3.59) mgCGEg-1.The highest contents of secondary metabolites were found in aerial parts when compared with the other parts. Amount of antioxidant activity(IC50) in various parts of A. annua L. was measured (1.98 to 4.2) in DPPH, (7.07 to 7.46) in TAC and (5.26 to 8.04) in RP methods. In general, the highest contents of activities were found in aerial parts when compared with the other parts, whereas this part with the highest amount of IC50 had the weakest antioxidant activity.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
13
21
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108439_8a6bc54a1944784f64875e82d69c6edf.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108439
Expression of 4 Genes in Ocimum basilicum and their Relationship with Phenylpropanoids Content
Jaleh
Tahsili
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154 Tehran, I.R Iran
author
Mohsen
Sharifi
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154 Tehran, I.R Iran
author
Mehrdad
Behmanesh
Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154 Tehran, I.R Iran
author
Nahid
Pourbozorgi-Rudsari
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154 Tehran, I.R Iran
author
Mahbobeh
Ziaei
National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O Box 14965-161 Tehran, I.R Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
Recent data showed that phenylpropanoid compound, methylchavicol is essential component of Iranian cultivars of basil. Studying their occurrence during development of plant may help to elucidate the role of phenylpropanoids in plant cell physiology. We followed the phenylpropanoids concentration and the expression of genes related to their biosynthesis during growth and development of two cultivars of Iranian basil. Cinnamate 4- hydroxylase (C4H), 4- Coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), Eugenol O- methyltransferase (EOMT) and Chavicol O-methyl transferase (CVOMT) are known as key enzymes regulating phenylpropanoids production. The yield of essential oils and concentration of phenylpropanoid, methylchavicol, increased during growth of the plant to reach a peak before pre-flowering stage. Gene expression analyses showed that the expression of the genes encoding C4H, 4CL, EOMT and CVOMT are increased during the plant development in parallel to the methylchavicol reaching a maximum before pre-flowering. These correlations showed that the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid may regulated at transcriptional level.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
23
34
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108442_ee851442d1bfac109d78aabfc0f1a5dd.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108442
Enhancement of Tropane Alkaloid Production among Several Clones and Explants Types of Hairy Root of Atropa belladonna L.
Ali
Eskandari-Samet
Department of Biotechnology - Faculty of Agriculture - Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
author
Khosro
Piri
Department of Biotechnology - Faculty of Agriculture - Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
author
Mehrnaz
Kayhanfar
Department of Biotechnology - Faculty of Agriculture - Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
author
Tahereh
Hasanloo
Agricultural BiotechnologyResearch Institute, Karaj, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
Agrobacterium rhizogenes (pRi), a causative agent of hairy root disease, effectively induces hairy root formation in a variety of plant species. In our study four bacterial strains AR15834, A4, 9435 and C318 and three explants types leaf, stems and roots, were examined. Hairy roots were induced from roots, stems and leaf explants. The highest transformation efficiency of 77% was achieved by using strain AR15834. The transgenic status of hairy roots was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using rolB specific primers for the presence of rolB gene in the genomes of transformed roots. Six clones of hairy roots were established that differed in their morphology. The results indicated that 4–11 fold increasing in root biomass after 28 days compared with non-transformed seedling roots. The concentration of tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine obtained in transformed roots (4 mg/g dry weight) was 3-11 folds more than in non-transformed cultured roots (0.36 mg/g dry weight).
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
35
42
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108444_57045a513091057bb752a922c14b0b21.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108444
Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch by Thyme, Lavender and Eucalyptus Essential Oils
Seyed Saeid
Modarres-Najafabadi
Department of Entomology, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Arak, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
Two spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important pests on bean in Markazi Province (center of Iran). To evaluate the bioacaricidal activity of extracts of three essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lavender (Lavandula officinalis) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) against T. urticae on cherry bean (Vigna unguiculta subsp. sinensis), five different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) were used, during 2009-2011. The type of design was randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that lavender revealed the most acaricidal properties against T. urticae followed by thyme and eucalyptus. The LC50 values of lavender, thyme and eucalyptus for adult mites were 0.65, 1.84 and 2.18, respectively. Our findings revealed that essential oils of thyme, lavender and eucalyptus possess acaricidal activity against two spotted spider mite on cherry bean.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
43
47
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108446_441706e5e77dadf10c550ded0ddf0b1a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108446
Variation in Oil, Protein Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Twelve Turkish Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Lines
Amir
Rahimi
Ankara University, Agriculture Faculty, Field Crops Department, Ankara, Turkey
author
Neşet
Arslan
Ankara University, Agriculture Faculty, Field Crops Department, Ankara, Turkey
author
Hussein Abdullah
Ahmed
Ankara University, Agriculture Faculty, Field Crops Department, Ankara, Turkey
author
text
article
2012
eng
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) has two major products: alkaloids in the capsules and the seeds. The seed contains oil, protein, carbohydrate, moisture and mineral matters. The seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic and oleic acid. Remaining meals after oil extraction are the important source for animal diets. The United Nations recognize Turkey and India as traditional poppy producing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seeds of twelve different Turkish opium poppy lines for their protein, oil and fatty acids percentage.The trial was carried out at the Experimental Fields of the Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture of Ankara University, Turkey during 2009-2010. The materials were collected from opium poppy collections in the department. All seeds were sown on 12 October 2009 and harvested during second week of July 2010. The oil was extracted and determined with hexane by foss soxtec 2055 apparatus. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography and the protein were determined by kjeldahl protein analyzer. Seed oil, protein and fatty acids percentage of twelve different lines were determined. Oil contents of seed lines ranged 40.96 - 50.88%. The major fatty acid in seed oils was linoleic acid (70.60– 76.65%) whereas oleic and palmitic acid contents of seed oils ranged from 12.08 -17,71% and from 7.92 – 8.80%, respectively. Protein content of opium poppy ranged 19.67 – 20.94%. In conclusion, those opium poppy lines can be major source of raw materials such as oil and protein.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
49
54
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108447_a83f85ceac49f60ce213043f0abf1db6.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108447
Effect of Thermal Period on Seed Dormancy of Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.)
Zahra
Abravesh
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran
author
Mohammad Hassan
Assareh
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran
author
Séyed Reza
Tabaei-Aghdaei
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P.O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) has high economic importance and commercial value. The plant essential oil is used for perfumery, food and medicinal industries. It is necessary to know much about seed germination for study of genetic variation and breeding improved varieties of R. damascena. In this study seed germination of R. damascena were evaluated, using thermal period treatments. The data were analyzed based on the Randomized Completely Design with 3 replications. Seeds were sterilized for elimination with NaOCl. Seeds of R. damascena were subjected to five different temperature regimes. For control, the seeds were placed at 4°C continuously. The seeds of all other treatments initially were placed at 25°C for the first warm stratification. Then they were placed at 4°Cfor 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks for cold stratification as 2w/2w, 2w/4w, 2w/6w and 2w/8w, respectively. For the second cycle, seeds were placed at 20 °C for warm stratification followed by 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks for cold stratification. The treatments were repeated for 3 cycles. Then the all of treatments were applied 30 weeks of continuously cold stratification at 4°C. The results of this study showed that the thermal period treatments had significantly promoted the germination percentage. The highest germination percentage and speed of germination were obtained for the 6w/2w treatment as (92%) and (1.17 seeds per day), respectively. The lowest germination percentage was found in the control and 8w/2w treatments (50%). In conclusion, it was observed that with application of thermal period (particularly 6w/2w) and 30 weeks of cold stratification to Damask rose seeds, dormancy was broken and germination was also highly improved.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
55
59
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108449_c3ae129b01f42caf91f2619dadcabf1b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108449
Effects of Nitrogen and Pre-Harvest Desiccation on Seed Yield and Oil Quality of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.)
Azim
Ghasemnezhad
Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science and Natural Resource University of Gorgan, Gorgan, Iran
author
Bernd
Honermeier
Institute of Plant Production and Plant Breeding, Justus Leibig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
author
text
article
2012
eng
Disadvantages such as indeterminate inflorescence and high seed shattering during ripening are significant restrictions to introduce evening primrose as a commercial medicinal plant. Following to the last works, a pot experiment was conducted to clarify the influence of defoliation before harvest on the seed yield, oil and GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) percentage of evening primrose growing under nitrogen deficit. Desiccation showed no significant influence on seed yield and yield components. However, the percentage of GLA of the desiccated plants was significantly higher than that of non desiccated plants. Nitrogen did not have significant influence on GLA content, but the content of this fatty acid tending to increase with increase in the nitrogen concentration. Based on the results, it can be concluded that desiccation as a harvest method increases the oil quality with increasing the GLA percentage. Evening primrose showed a positive response to N fertilizer. Further investigation in this area seems to be necessary.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
61
65
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108450_041a529b4d1ac8f7d651eb308b68b8c1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108450
Plantago ovata Medicinal Plant and Water Treatment
Toktam
Shahriari
Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
author
Gholamreza
Nabi-Bidhendi
Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
Plantago ovata is a medicinal plant of plantain, Plantaginaceae, family used to treat intestinal disorders and stomach diseases. P. ovata grain has relieving effects and healing inflammation and irritation of the mucous layer of stomach and duodenal ulcer. Beside the medicinal benefits, this plant is useful for water turbidity removal. Coagulation and flocculation are important processes in water treatment. Artificial coagulants are not useful from economic and health point of view. The objective of this study is to compare performance of chloroferric coagulant (alone) and with P. ovata coagulant aid in water turbidity removal. The experiments were done in turbidity of 50 NTU. In all experiments the amount of chloroferric was 10 ppm and optimum dose of P. ovata was 0.1 ppm at optimum pH of 7. P. ovata at 50 NTU turbidity, reduced turbidity up to 94.5% whereas chloroferric alone could reduce 85.16% of turbidity. Having been contained mucilage, protein and starch,P. ovata would reduce consumption of coagulants and be effective in water turbidity removal as a coagulant aid.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
67
70
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108451_95ffc1aaa2c6cf9ac51d83529c4aa945.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108451
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Tanacetum polycephalum subsp. polycephalum from Different Locations of Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Mohammad-Bagher
Rezaee
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Kamkar
Jaimand
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
Mahmood
Naderi
Phytochemistry Group, Department of Medicinal Plants & By-products, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, P.O.Box 1318, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2012
eng
The genus Tanacetum is one of the most important medicinal plant that contains 26 species in Iran, 12 of them are endemic. This paper reports the essential oil (EO) composition of Tanacetum polycephalum subsp. polycephalum growing wild in Iran. Flowers and leaves were collected from different location of Azerbaijan province (Marand, Mianeh and Tabriz), hydro-distilled to produce the oils and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yields of leaves and flowers oils were in the range of 0.04 -1.0% (V/W). Main components of leaves EO from Marand, Mianeh and Tabriz were 1,8-cineole (63.5%) and chrysanthenone (5.5%), while for flowers were chrysanthenone (39.5%) and 1,8-cineole (18.9%). For Mianeh sample, principal components of leaves were 1,8-cineole (34.8%) and chrysanthenone (16.1%) and for flowers were dihydro-eudesmol (12.0%) and nootkatin (9.6%). Camphor (29%) and 1,8-cineole (14.3%) were identified as the main constituents of plant leaves from Tabriz and for flowers were trans-sabinene hydrate (56.7%), and 1,8-cineole (10.7%).
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
71
74
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108452_44115a56b8341457d25364ecafd3045e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108452
Antimicrobial Screening of Fennel at the Seedling Stage
Maryam
Nourimand
Department of Biology, Collage of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
author
Sasan
Mohsenzadeh
Department of Biology, Collage of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
author
Jaime A.
Teixeira da Silva
Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
author
text
article
2012
eng
A wide range of medicinal plant parts that possess varied medicinal properties are used for extracts as raw drugs. In this study, the ethanolic extract obtained from aerial parts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seedlings was evaluated in vitro to examine their antimicrobial activity against four Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacteria and two fungi. Aerial parts of one-month-old seedlings were air dried and powdered. Each powdered sample (20 g) was extracted with 200 ml ethanol (96%) using a shaking water bath for 24 h at room temperature. The solvent was removed under vacuum at 40°C using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The antimicrobial effect of the aerial part of fennel seedlings was tested by the disc diffusion method. The experiment was a randomized complete block with three replicates for each sample. Fennel seedling extract had no inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, but had a weak effect against Gram-negative bacteria.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Iranian Medicinal Plants Society
2322-1399
1
v.
1
no.
2012
75
77
https://jmpb.areeo.ac.ir/article_108453_09f58d162c8b9eb4e11d1f1163cc422a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2012.108453