Seasonal Variations in Carnosic Acid Content of Rosemary Correlates with Anthocyanins and Soluble Sugars

Authors

Department of Biology, Faculty of sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

Seasonal variations may influence the quality and quantity of biologically active ingredients in medicinal plants. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) a member of the Lamiaceae family, contains valuable antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial substances, including Carnosic acid (CA). Here, the fluctuations of important active compounds present in rosemary leaf extracts collected in Golestan, Iran were studied during the year of 2012-2013. Plant phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbates, anthocyanins and soluble sugars were analyzed spectrophotometrically, while CA content was measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The highest amounts of total flavonoids occurred in autumn; while CA, phenolics, ascorbic acids and soluble sugars were greatest in winter, probably due to regional high precipitation and subtle winters. Most of the above indicated active compounds were low in early summer. Furthermore, total anthocyanins and soluble sugars showed significant positive correlations with CA over the year. These data suggest that rosemary extracts from the collected leaves in winter contain greater amounts of biologically active compounds; and can be used for standardization of plant materials harvested throughout a year.

Keywords

References

1. Soni U, Brar S, Gauttam VK. Effect of seasonal variation on secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Int. J. of Pharm. Sci & Res. 2015;6:3654-3662.
2. Lakusic D, Ristic M, Slavkovska V, Lakusic B. Seasonal variations in the composition of the essential oils of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lamiaceae). Nat. Prod. Com. 2013;8:131-134.
3. Birtić S, Dussort P, Pierre FX, Bily AC, Roller M. Carnosic acid. Phytochem. 2015;115:9-19.
4. Tounekti T, Munné-Bosch S. Enhanced phenolic diterpenes antioxidant levels through non-transgenic approaches. Crit Rev in Plant Sci. 2012;31:505-519.
5. Salminen JP, Roslin T, Karonen M, Sinkkonen J, Pihlaja K, Pulkkinen P. Seasonal variation in the content of hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoid glycosides, and proanthocyanidins in oak leaves. Jour. of Chem. Ecol. 2004;30:1693-1711.
6. Burkey KO, Neufeld HS, Souza L, Chappelka AH, Davison AW. Seasonal profiles of leaf ascorbic acid content and redox state in ozone-sensitive wildflowers. Environ. Pollution. 2006;143:427-434.
7. Kassim A, Poette J, Paterson A, Zait D, McCallum S, Woodhead M, Smith K, Hackett C, Graham J. Environmental and seasonal influences on red raspberry anthocyanin antioxidant contents and identification of quantitative traits loci (QTL). Mol. Nut. & Food Res. 2009;53:625-634.
8. Wong B, Baggett K, Rye A. Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Canadian J. of Botany2003;81:780-788.
9. Luis JC, Johnson CB. Seasonal variations of rosmarinic and carnosic acids in rosemary extracts. Analysis of their in vitro antiradical activity. Span J. Agric. Res. 2005;3:106-112.
10. Lemos MF, Lemos MF, Pacheco HP, Endringer DC, Scherer R. Seasonality modifies rosemary’s composition and biological activity. Ind. Crops and Prod. 2015;70:41-47.
11. Aires A, Fernandes C, Carvalho R, Bennett RN, Saavedra MJ, Rosa EAS. Seasonal Effects on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Six Economically Important Brassica Vegetables. Molecules. 2011;16:6816-6832.
12. Benzie I, Strain J. Ferric reducing (antioxidant) power as a measure of antioxidant capacity: The FRAP assay. Meth. in Eenzymol. 1999;299:15-27.
13. Cuendet M, Hostettmann K, Potterat O. Iridoid glucosides with free radical scavenging properties from Fagraeablumei.Helvetica Chimica Acta. 1997;80:1144-1152.
14. Mohamad H, Abas F, Permana D, Lajis N. H, Ali A. M, Sukari M. A, Hin T. Y, Kikuzaki H, and Nakatani N. DPPH free radical scavenger components from the fruits of Alpiniarafflesiana Wall. ex. Bak.(Zingiberaceae). ZeitschriftfürNaturforschung C. 2004; 59:811-815.
15. Meda A, Lamien CE, Romito M, Millogo J, Nacoulma OG. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food Chem. 2005;91:571-577.
16. Chang CC, Yang MH, Wen HM, Chern JC. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food & Drug Anal. 2002;10:178-182.
17. De Pinto M, Francis D, De Gara L. The redox state of the ascorbate-dehydroascorbate pair as a specific sensor of cell division in tobacco BY-2 cells. Protoplasma. 1999;209:90-97.
18. Mita S, Murano N, Akaike M, Nakamura K. Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with pleiotropic effects on the expression of the gene for β‐amylase and on the accumulation of anthocyanin that are inducible by sugars. The Plant J. 1997;11:841-851.
19. Kochert G. Carbohydrate determination by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. Handbook of Phycological Methods. 1978;2:95-97.
20. Hidalgo PJ, Ubera JL, Tena MT, Valcarcel M. Determination of the carnosic acid content in wild and cultivated Rosmarinus officinalis.J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998;46:2624-2627.
21. Siatka T, Kasparova M. Seasonal variation in total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DPPH scavenging activity of Bellis perennis L. flowers. Molecules. 2010;15:9450-9461.
22. Sandeep RP, Mansingraj SN, Nilesh VP, Rajaram PP, Ghansham BD. Seasonal Discrepancy in phenolic content and antioxidant properties from bark of Nothapodytesnimmoniana. Int. J Pharma Bio Sci. 2010;1:1-17.
23. Hussain AI, Anwar F, Sherazi STH, Przybylski R. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimumbasilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem. 2008;108:986-995.
24. Sati P, Pandey A, Rawat S, Rani A. Phytochemicals and antioxidants in leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba with reference to location, seasonal variation and solvent system. J Pharm Res. 2013;7:804-809.
25. Anesini C, Ferraro GE, Filip F. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of commercially available tea (Camellia sinensis) in Argentina. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:9225-9229.
26. Harbowy ME, Balentine DA. Tea chemistry. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 1997;16:415-480.
27. Iftikhar A, A. MSA, Ashraf M, Hussain M, Ashraf MY. Seasonal variation in some medicinal and biochemical ingredients in Mentha longifolia. Pak. J Bot. 2011;43:69-77.
28. Garmesh EV. Temperature controls a dependence of barley plant growth on mineral nutrition level. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 2005;52:338-344.
29. Teh CM, Mohamed AR. Roles of titanium dioxide and ion-doped titanium dioxide on photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants (phenolic compounds and dyes) in aqueous solutions: A review. J. of Alloys and Compounds.2011;509:1648-1660.
30. Slimestad R, Verheul B. Review of Flavonoids and other phenolics from fruits of different tomato (LycopersicumesculentumMill)  Cultivars. J  Sci  Food  Agric 2009; 89:1255-1270.
31. Jakovljević ZD, Stanković MS, Topuzović DM. Seasonal Variability of ChelidoniummajusL. Secondary Metabolites Content and Antioxidant Activity. EXCLI Journal 2013;12:260-268.
32. Chalker-Scott L. Do anthocyanins function as osmoreulators in leaf tissues? Adv Bot Res 2002; 37:103-127.
33. Leng P, Itamura H, Yamamura H, Deng XM. Anthocyanin accumulation in apple and peach shoots during cold acclimation. Scientia Horticulturae 2000; 83:43-50.
34. Lu QN, Yang Q. cDNA cloning and expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in wild potato (Solanum pinnatisectum). Afr J Biotechnol2006;5:811-818.
35. Munne´-Bosch S, Mu¨ ller M, Schwarz K, Alegre L. Diterpenes and antioxidative protection in drought-stressed Salvia officinalis plants. J. Plant Physiol. 2001;158:1431-1437.
36. Triantaphylides C, Krischke M, Hoeberichts FA, Ksas B, Gresser G, Havaux M, Van Breusegem F, Mueller MJ. Singlet oxygen is the major reactive oxygen species involved in photooxidative damage to plants. Plant Physiol. 2008;148:960-968.
37. Fukuzawa K, Inokami Y, Tokumura A, Terao J, Suzuki A. Rate constants for quenching singlet oxygen and activities for inhibiting lipid peroxidation of carotenoids anda-tocopherol in liposomes. Lipids. 1998;33:751-756.
38. DellaPenna D. Carotenoid synthesis and function in plants: insights from mutant studies in Arabidopsis thaliana. Adv. Photosynth. 1999;8:21-37.
39. Wada M, Kido H, Ohyama K, Kishikawa N, Ohba Y, Kuroda N, Nakashima K. Evaluation of quenching effects of non-water-soluble and water-soluble rosemary extracts against active oxygen species by chemiluminescent assay. Food Chem. 2004;87:261-267.
40. Van den Ende W, Valluru R. Sucrose, sucrosyl oligosaccharides, and oxidative stress: scavenging and salvaging. J. of Exp. Bot. 2009;60:9-18.
41. Deshmukh RN. Osmolyte accumulation in Sorghum bicolor under water stress. Bionano Frontier. 2012;5:204-209.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product
Volume 7, Issue 2
September 2018
Pages 163-171

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics