Essential Oil Composition, Total Phenol, Flavonoid, Anthocyanin and Antioxidant Activities in Different Parts of Artemisia annua L. in Two Localities (North of Iran)

Authors

1 Department of Botany, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran

2 Research Center of Natural Products Safety and Medicinal Plants, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran

3 Young Researchers Club, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran

4 Baharan Higher Education Institute of Gorgan, Gorgan, Iran

5 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

In this study, we evaluate the different biological activities of Artemisia annua L., locally known as "Moureh", in various altitudes in North of Iran, which has been used as sedative, fever few, anti inflammation, insecticide and anti infection to treat many current diseases. Parts of plants were collected from two different localities (23-1000 m) in Mazandaran province, North of Iran. The most important of secondary metabolites of total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and total anthocyanin (TA) content  of extracts were investigated by spectrophotometry method and their antioxidant activity were obtained  by Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Reducing Power (RP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH). The essential oils were obtained by hydro distillated in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 5h and analyzed by GC/MS. Results indicate that the main components in essential oils were identified as Artemisia  ketone (25.54- 13.6%), followed by 1,8-cineole (11.98-13.26%), camphor (11.89-13.68%), α-pinene (10.11-9.29%) in AFRACHAL (1000m) and DOLAT ABAD (23m) regions , respectively.  TP content had significant variation in different plant parts and regions, ranging from (11.22 to 16.94) mgGAEg-1, TF content (11.62 to 63.74) mgQUE g-1and quantity of TA (0.03 to 3.59) mgCGEg-1.The highest contents of secondary metabolites were found in aerial parts when compared with the other parts. Amount of antioxidant activity(IC50) in various parts of A. annua L. was measured (1.98 to 4.2) in DPPH, (7.07 to 7.46) in TAC and (5.26 to 8.04) in RP methods. In general, the highest contents of activities were found in aerial parts when compared with the other parts, whereas this part with the highest amount of IC50 had the weakest antioxidant activity.

Keywords

References

1. Adams R. Identification of essentials oil components by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corp.  Carol Stream, Illinois. 1995;1-456.
2. Aftab T, A.Khan MM, Idrees M, Naeem M, HashmiMN.Methyljasmonatecounteractsborontoxicitybypreventing oxidative stress and regulating antioxidant enzyme activities andartemisinin biosynthesisin Identification of intermediates and enzymes involved in the early steps of artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. Planta Med. 2005;71:40-47.
12. Brisibe EA, Umoren UE, Brisibe F, Magalhes PM, Ferreira JFS, Luthria D, Wuh X, Prior RL. Nutritional characterisation and antioxidant capacity of different tissues of Artemisia annua L. Food Chem. 2009;115:1240-1246.
13. Brown GD. The Biosynthesis of Artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and the Phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao).Molecules 2010;15:7603-7698.
14. Brown GD, Liang GY, Sy L. Terpenoids from the seeds of Artemisia annua. Phytochem 2003;64:303-323.
15. Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci. 2004;74(17):2157–2184.
16. Conforti F, Sosa S, Marrelli M, Menichini F, Statti GA, Uzunov D, Tubaro A, Menichini F, Loggia RD. Invivo anti-inflammatory and in invitro antioxidant activities of Mediterranean dietary plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:144–1451.
17. Dixon RA, Paiva NL. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid  metabolism. Plant Cell 1995; 7:1085-1097.
18. Dorman HJD, Bachmayer O, Kosar M, Hiltunen R. Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae species grown in Turkey. J. Agri. Food Chem. 2004;52(4):762–770.
19. Ferreira JFS, Luthria DL, Sasaki T, Heyerick A. Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as Antioxidants and Their Potential Synergism with Artemisinin against Malaria and Cancer. Molecules 2010;15:3135-3170.
20. Ferreira JFS. Artemisia annua L.: The hope against malaria and cancer, [Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Production, Business & Applications. Proceedings of the Jan 15-17/2004 meeting. Mountain State University, Beckley,WV. 2004;56-61.
21. George TW, Niwat C, Waroonphan S, Gordon MH, Lovegrove JA, Paterson E. Effect of chronic and acute fruit and vegetable juice consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factor. Acta Hort. 2009;841:201-206.
22. Giusti MM, Wrolstad RE. Anthocyanins, Caracterization and measurement with UV-visible Spectroscopy. Current protocols in food analytical chemistry (R.E. Wrolstaded). Wiley, New York, 2001.  F1.2.1-F1.1.13.
23. Goel D, Singh V , Ali M, Mallavarupu GR, Kumar S. Essential oils of petal, leaf and stem of the antimalarial plant Artemisia annua. J. Nat. Med. 2007;61:187–191.
24. Hadaruga DI, Hadaruga NG. Antioxidant Activity of Hepatoprotective Silymarin and Silybum marianum L. Extract Chem. Bull. POLITEHNICA Univ. (Timisoara). 2009;54(68):2.
25. Juteau F, Masotti V, Bessiere JM, Dherbomez M, Viano J. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia annua essential oil , Fitoterapia. 2002;73:532-535.
26. Kim JT, Park JY, Seo HS, Oh HG, Noh JW, Kim JH, Kim DY, Youn HJ. In vitro antiprotozoal effects of artemisinin on Neospora caninum. Vet. Parasitol. 2002;103;53-63.
27. Kırca A, Arslan E. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of selected plants from Turkey. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2008;43(11):2038-2046.
28. Klayman DL. Artemisia annua: From weed to respectable antimalarial plant. In Human Medicinal Agents from Plants; Kinghorn, A. D., Balandrin, M. F., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. 1993. pp. 242-255.
29. Kumar S, Gupta AK, Pal Y, Dwivedi SK. In-vivo therapeutic efficacy trial with artemisinin derivative, buparvaquone and imidocarb dipropionate against Babesia equi infection in donkeys. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2003;65;1171-1177.
30. Laciar A, Vaca Ruiz M L, Carrizo Flores R, Saad JR. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Artemisia echegarayi Hieron. (Asteraceae) Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 2009;41(4):226-231.
31. Mazandarani M, Makari S, Bajian GhR, Zarghami Moghaddam P,  Abrodi M. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum Rech in Golestan province of Iran. Iranin J. plant physiol. 2011;2:381-386.
32. Mittler R.Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7:405-410.
33. Mukarram Shah SM, Khan FA, Hassan Shah SM, Chishti KA, Saifur Shah Pirzada SM, Asif Khan M, Farid A. Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Activity of White and Blue Capitulum and Whole Plant of Silybum Marianum. World Appl. Sci. J. 2011;12:1139-1144.
34. Muzemil A. PhD thesis, Addis Ababa University.2008.
35. Pourmorad F, Hosseinimehr SJ, Shahabimajd N. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2006;5(11):1142-1145.
36. Qureshi NN, Kuchekar BS, Logade1 NA,  Haleem MA.  Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective activity of Cordia macleodii leaves. Saudi. Pharm. J. 2009;17:317-332.
37. Rath K, Taxis K, Walz G, Gleiter C H, LI SM, Heide L. Pharmacokinetic study of Artemisinin after oral intake of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L. (Annul wormwood). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2004;70:128-132.
38. Seddik K, Nadjet I, Daoud BAH, Lekhmici A. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from  Artemisia herba alba Asso. leaves and some phenolic Compounds. J. Med. Plants Res. 2002;4:1273-1280.
39. Silva EM, Souza JNS, Rogez H, Rees JF, LarondelleY. Antioxidant activities and polyphenolic contents of fifteen selected plant species from the Amazonian region. Food Chem. 2007;101:1012-1018.
40. Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falsiparum malaria. Nature 2005;434:214-217.
41. Surveswaran S, Cai YZ, Corke H, Sun M. Systematic evaluation of natural phenolic antioxidants from 133 Indian medicinal plants. Food Chem. 2007;102(3):938-953.
42. Tan RX, Zheng WF, Tang HQ. Biologically active substances from the genus Artemisia. Planta Med. 1998;64:295-302.
43. Tawaha K, Alali FQ, Gharaibeh M, Mohammad M, Elimat TE. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of selected Jordanian plant species. Food Chem. 2007;104(4):1372-1378.
44. Tzenkova R, Kamenarska Z, Draganov A, Atanassov A. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol, 2010;10.2478/V1013301000306, 1833-1835.
45. Utzinger J, Chollet J, Jiqing Y, Jinyan M, Tanner M, Shuhua X. Effect of combined treatment with praziquantel and artemether on Schistosoma mansoni in experimentally infectedanimals. Acta Trop. 2001;80:9-18.
46. Verdian-rizi MR, Sadat-Ebrahimi E, Hadjiakhoondi A, Fazeli MR, Pirali Hamedani M. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisia annua L. Essential Oil from Iran. J. Med. Plants, 2008a;7:58-62.
47. Verdian-rizi M. Variation in the essential oil composition of Artemisia annua L. of different growth stages cultivated in Iran, African J. Plant Sci. 2008b;2:16-18.
48. Willcox M, Falquet J, Ferreira JFS, Gilbert B, Hsu E, Magalhaes PM, Plaizier-Vercammen J, Sharma VP, Wright CW, Yaode W. Artemisia annua as an herbal tea for  malaria. African J. Trad. Complem. Altern. Med. 2007;4:121–123.
49. Xiao SH, Guo J, Chollet J, Wu JT, Tanner M, Utzinger J. Effect of artemether on Schistosoma mansoni: dose-efficacy relationship, and changes in morphology and histopathology. Chin. J. Parasitol. Dis., 2004;22:148-153.
50. Yang DM, Liew FY.Effects of qinghaosu (artemisinin) and its derivatives on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitology 1993;106:107.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-Products
Volume 1, Issue 1
April 2012
Pages 13-21

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics