Evaluation of Genetic Variation of Common Fig (Ficus carica L.) in West of Iran

Authors

1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Horticultural Crop Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran

Abstract

This study describes morphological diversity and relationship of 14 cultivars and 133 wild fig accessions from central Zagros Mountains located in the west of Iran, based on 58 morphological characters. Among all characters, secondary drooping branches, number of bark tubers, shape of central lobe, length of central lobe/length of lamina, little lateral lobes, shape of leaf without lobed, fruit shape, fruit weight, fruit neck length, fruit skin over color and fruit pulp cavity showed higher coefficient of variation (CV) indicating a high level of variation. The existence of high CV in the evaluated characters indicates that there is a high diversity among the studied cultivars and accessions. One of the important wild figs that called 'Ghir-vahshi' was found in 'Baba-Heyran 2' location showing very diverse characters. Cluster analysis divided the 147 genotypes into five main clusters. The results of principal components analysis showed that the first three components explained 33.22% of total variation in data. According to the factor analysis, eighteen factors justified about 75.62% of the total variation found among genotypes. The factor analysis showed that the most of discriminator variables were depend on leaf, fruit size and growth form. The obtained results revealed that central Zagros Mountains in the west of Iran is a rich source of fig genetic diversity which could be used for fig breeding programs.

Keywords

References

  1. El-Rayes R. The fig tree in the Mediterranean region and Syria. Ciheam-Options Mediterraneans. 1995;13:79-83.
  2. Berg CC. Flora malesiana precursor for the treatment of Moraceae 1: The main subdivision of Ficus: the subgenera. Blumea. 2003;48:167-178.
  3. Edmond JB, Senn TL, Andrews FS, Halfacre RG. Fundamental of Horticulture. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York. 1975.
  4. Weiblen GD. Phylogenetic relationships of functionally dioecious Ficus (Moraceae) based on ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. American J Bot. 2000;87:1342-2135.
  5. Storey WB. Subtropical and tropical fruit and nut crops in California, USA. I International Symposium on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. 1976;57:53-62.
  6. Flaishman MA, Rodov V, Stover E. The fig: botany, horticulture, and breeding. Hortic Rev. 2008;34:132-196.
  7. Herre EA, Jander KC, Machado CA. Evolutionary ecology of figs and their associates: Recent progress and outstanding puzzles. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2008;39:439-458.
  8. Tous J, Ferguson L. Mediterranean fruits In: Janick, J. New crops Press. Arlington, Virginia. 1996;416-430.
  9. De Candolle A. Origin of cultivated plants. 2nd ed. Hafner press. New York. 1885.
  10.  Giraldo E, Viruel MA, Loepz-Corrales M, Hormoza JI. Chracterization and cross-species transferabilty of microsatellites in the fig (Ficus carica L.). J Hortic Sci Biotech. 2005;80:217-224.
  11.  Messaoudi Z, Hadadi L. Mophological and chemical characterization of fourteen fig cultivars cultivated in Oulmes area, Morocco. Third International Symposium on Fig, Vilamoura-Portugal. 2005.
  12.  Morton JF. Fig (Ficus carica L.). In: Fruits of Warm Climates. Published by Morton JF. USA, Miami FL. 1987;47-50.
  13.  Oukabli A, Mamouni A, Laghezali R, Khadari B, Roger JP, Kjellberg F, Ater M. Genetic variability in Morrocan fig cultivars (Ficus carica) based on morphological and pomological data. Acta Hortic. 2002;605:54-60.
  14.  Papadopoulou K, Ehaliotis C, Tourna M, Kastanis P, Karydis I, Zervakis G. Genetic relatedness among dioecious (Ficus carica L.) cultivars by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, and evaluation of agronomic and morphological characters. Genetica. 2002;114:183-194.
  15. Chatti K, Salehi-Hannachi A, Mars M, Marrakchi M, Trifi M. Analyse de la diversite genetique de cultivars tunisiens de figuire (Ficus carica L.) alaide de ca morphologigues. Fruits. 2004;59:49-61.

 Ateyyeh AF, Sadder MT. Growth pattern and fruit characteristics of six common fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars in Jordan. Jas. 2006;2:1-7.

  1.  Ferrara G, Mazzeo A, Pacucci C, Matarrese AMS, Tarantino A, Crisosto C, Incerti O, Marcotuli I, Nigro D, Blanco A, Gadaleta A. Characterization of edible fig germplasm from Puglia, southeastern Italy: is the distinction of three fig types (Smyrna, San Pedro and Common) still valid? Sci Hortic. 2016;250:52-58.
  2.  FAO. FAO STAT-Agriculture. Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations. Accessed April 14. http://faostat. fao. org. 2012.
  3.  Mars M, Chatti K, Saddoud O, Salhi-Hannachi A, Trifi M, Marrakchi M. Fig cultivation and genetic resources in Tunisia, an overview. Acta Hortic. 2008;798:27-32.
  4.  Paganova V. Taxonomical reliability of leaf and fruit morphological characteristic of the Pyrus L. taxa in Slovakia. Hortic Sci. 2003;3:98-107.
  5.  Voltas J, Peman J, Fuste F. Phenotypic diversity and delimitation between wild and cultivated of the genus Pyrus in North-eastern Spain based on morphometric analyses. Genet ResourCrop Evol. 2007;54:1473-148.
  6.  Asanidzea Z, Akhalkatsia M, Gvritishvili M. Comparative morphometric study and relationships between the Caucasian species of wild pear (Pyrus spp.) and local cultivars in Georgia. Flora. 2011;206:974-986.
  7.  IRIMO, I.R. of Iran meteorological organization. Accessed May, 24. http:// irimo.ir. 2010.
  8.  National guideline for the conduct of test for distinctness, uniformity and stability in fig. Spcri. 2008.
  9.  Ahmed B A, Ghada B, Laila E, Hafid A, Bouchaib K, Amel SH. Use of morphological traits and microsatellite markers to characterize the Tunisian cultivated and wild figs (Ficus carica L.). Biochem Syst Ecol. 2015;59:209-219.
  10.  Condit IJ. Fig varieties: a monograph. Calif Agr. 1955;23:323-538.
  11.  Mars M, Chebli T, Marrakchi M. Multivariate analysis of fig (Ficus carica L.) germplasm in southern Tunisia. Acta Hortic. 1998;480:75-81.
  12.  Mars M. Fig (Ficus carica L.) genetic recourses and breeding. Acta Hortic. 2003;605:19-27.
  13.  Aljane F, Ferchichi A. Morphological, chemical and sensory characterization of Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars based on dry fruits. Acta Hortic. 2007;741:81-85.
  14.  Pérez-Sánchez R, Morales-Corts MR, Gómez-Sánchez MA. Agro-morphological diversity of traditional fig cultivars grown in Central-Western Spain. Genetika. 2016;48:533-546.
  15.  Caliskan O, Bayazit S, Ilgin M, Karatas N. Morphological diversity of caprifig (Ficus carica var. caprificus) accessions in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey: Potential utility for caprification. Sci Hortic. 2017;222:46-56.
  16.  Adli B, Boutekrabt A, Touati M, Bakria T, Touati A, Bezini E. Phenotypic diversity of Opuntia ficus indica (L.) MILL. in the Algerian steppe. South African J Bot. 2017;109:66-74.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-Products
Volume 6, Issue 2
September 2017
Pages 229-240

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics