Evaluation of Morphological and Fatty Acid Composition of Different Sesame Cultivars

Authors

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) an herbaceous annual plant belonging to the Pedaliaceae family is one of the most ancient and important oilseed crops in the world. It is cultivated for its edible oil for medical and pharmaceutical applications. This study was carried out to evaluate the morphological traits and fatty acids composition of 15 different sesame cultivars at Agricultural Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch in 2018. The morphological traits were measured according to International Descriptor for Sesame. Also, the oil extraction was done by Soxhlet method and fatty acid composition of the sesame oil was determined using gas chromatography (GC). The experiment was laid out on the basis of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. According to the results, plant height was varied from 70.67 to 130.67 cm. In relation to capsule length, Sabzevar × Pi599457 and Sabzevar cultivars had the highest and lowest value, respectively. The highest total seed yield was measured in Esfahan (3070.20 kg/ha) cultivar, while the lowest one was in Pi599457 (195.64 kg/ha) cultivars. The highest and lowest oil percent was observed in Sabzevar and Borazjan 2 cultivars, respectively. In terms of fatty acids compositions, Palmitic acid (7.08-10.87%) was the main saturated fatty acid (SFA) and the highest value was found in Esfahan cultivar and the lowest in Pi2358371 cultivar. Regarding unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) Pi2358371 cultivar and Esfahan cultivar showed the highest and the lowest values of oleic acid, respectively. Among the evaluated traits, a significant positive correlation was detected between all morphological and biochemical traits, whereas a negative correlation was found between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contents. According to SFAs, arachidic acid was positively correlated with stearic acid (r=0.8; p < 0.05). In addition, palmitic acid was negatively correlated with oleic acid (r=-0.78; p< 0.05). As stated by the morphological and biochemical clusters, Esfahan cultivar and Pi161385 cultivar had the most distance in both cluster. The morphological characters of Sabzevar cultivar was very close with Pil61385 cultivar originated from South Korea. Morphological characters from Borazjan 2 cultivar were similar to Halil cultivar from Iran and placed in the same sub-cluster, while it had the same biochemical value as same as USA and South Korea origin cultivars. This analysis shows that cultivars with different origin had different relationships in biochemical and morphological traits. Morphological and biochemical characteristics among different sesame cultivars could be useful in breeding programs and will help to increase high quality production.

Keywords

References

1. Ashri A. Sesame breeding. Plant Breed Rev. 1998;16:179-228.
2. Anilakumar KR, Pal A, Khanum F, Bawa AS. Nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds-an overview. Agric Conspec Sci. 2010;75:159-168.
3. Xu J, Chen S, Hu Q. Antioxidant activity of brown pigment and extracts from black sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.). Food Chem. 2005;91:79-83. 
4. Vittori Gouveia LDA, Cardoso CA, de Oliveira GMM, Rosa G, Moreira, ASB. Effects of the intake of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) and derivatives on oxidative stress: A systematic review. J Med Food. 2016;19:337-345.
5. Devarajan S, Singh R, Chatterjee B, Zhang B, Ali A.. A blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure and improves the lipid profile in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10:339-349.
6. Hsu DZ, Chu PY, Jou IM. Enteral sesame oil therapeutically relieves disease severity in rat experimental osteoarthritis. J Food Nutr Res. 2016;60:1-6.
7. Bedigian D. History and lore of sesame in Southwest Asia. Econ Bot. 2004;58:329-353.
8. FAOSTAT. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 2016. Available at: http://faostat.fao.org.
9. Anonymous. Statistical book of agricultural of Iran. 2017. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. Tehran, Iran.
10. Namiki M. Nutraceutical functions of sesame: a review. Crc Cr Rev Food Sci. 2007;47:651-673.
11. Brito OJ, Nunez N. Evaluation of sesame flour as a complementary protein source for combinations with soy and corn flours. J Food Sci. 1982;47:457–460.
12. Speek AJ, Schrijver J, Schreurs W. Vitamin E composition of some seed oils as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. J of Food Sci. 1985;50:121-124.
13. Weiss EA. Oilseed crops. Longman Group. 1983.
14. Joshi AB. Sesame, 1st ed. Collier-Macmill an:London. 1961. 109pp.
15. Valarmathi G, Surendran C, Vanniarajan C, Kumar M, Saravanan NA. Morphological and biochemical characterization of sesame (Sesamum indicum L. and S. mulayanum L). Sesame and Safflower Newsletter. 2003; (18), pp.42-46.
16. Pham TD, Thi Nguyen TD, Carlsson AS, Bui, TM. Morphological Evaluation of Sesame ('Sesamum indicum' L.) Varieties from Different Origins. Aust J Crop Sci. 2010;4:498-508.
17. Alege GO, Akinyele BO, Osekita OS. Phytochemical studies and genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering London. 2014.
18. Kiranmayi SL, Roja V, Padmalatha K, Sivaraj N, Sivaramakrishnan S. Genetic diversity analysis in sesame (Sesamum indicum) using morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Int J Appl Biol Pharm. 2016;7:95-110.
19. Begum T, Iqbal A, Dasgupta T. Genetic Variability and Divergence among Cultivars of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.). Bangl J Bot. 2017;46:955-962.
20. Iqbal A, Pati PK, Akhtar R, Begum T, Dasgupta T. Diversity in Sesame Accessions. IJEAB. 2018;11:725-731.
21. Miraj S, Kiani S. Bioactivity of Sesamum indicum: A review study. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2016;8:328-34.
22. IPGRI and NBPGR. Descriptors for Sesame (Sesamum spp.). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy; and National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India. 2004.76pp.
23. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). Official Methods of Analysis. 15 ed. Washington D.C. 2000.
24. Metcalfe LD, Schmitz AA, Pelka JR. Rapid preparation of fatty acid esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Chem. 1966;38:514-515.
25. Rohlf FJ. NTSYS-pc: Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, ver. 2.1. Applied Biostatistics, NY. 2001.
26. Abate M, Mekbib F, Ayana A, Nigussie M. Genetic variability and association of traits in mid-altitude sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) germplasm of Ethiopia. Am J Exp Agric. 2015;9:1-14.
27. Rathod RS, Manapure PR, Banginwar AD, Kumar BS, Patil SR, Jogdande PN. Genetic diversity studies for yield and yield contributing traits in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). JSC. 2017;27:136-142.
28. Bisht IS, Mahajan RK, Loknathan TR, Agrawal RC. Diversity in Indian sesame collection and stratification of germplasm accessions in different diversity groups. Genet Resour Crop Ev. 1998;45:325-335.
29. Sharma AK, Sharma RN. Genetic variability and character association in early maturing rice. ORYZA. 2007;44:300-303.
30. Magss-Kolling GL. Variability in Namibian landraces of watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus). Euphytica. 2003;132: 251-258.
31. Nabloussi, A., Hanine, H., Harfi, M.E. and Rizki, H., 2018. Moroccan sesame: an overview of seed and oil quality. Science within Food: Up-to-date Advances.
32. Baydar H, Turgut I, Turgut K.. Variation of certain characters and line selection for yield, oil, oleic and linoleic acids in the Turkish Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Populations. Turk J Agric For. 1992;23:431-441.
33. Fernandes L, Casal S, Cruz R, Pereira JA, Ramalhosa, E. Seed oils of ten traditional Portuguese grape varieties with interesting chemical and antioxidant properties. Food Res Int. 2013;50:161-166.
34. Devarajan S, Chatterjee B, Urata H, Zhang B, Ali A, Singh R, Ganapathy, S. A blend of sesame and rice bran oils lowers hyperglycemia and improves the lipids. Am J Med. 2016;129:731-739.
35. Gercekcıoglu R, Yilmaz N, Bayrak OF, Sahin F. Variation in Fatty Acid Composition of 'Tulameen' Red Raspberry Seed Oil by the Application of Nitrogen Fertilizers and Organic Manure.IJNES. 2007;1.
36. Simopoulos AP. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, genetic variation, and cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac. J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(1):131–134.
37. Were BA, Onkware AO, Gudu S, Welander M, Carlsson AS. Seed oil content and fatty acid composition in East African sesame (Sesamum indicumL.) accessions evaluated over 3 years. Field Crop Res. 2006;97:254-260. 
38. Rebetzk GJ, Plantalone WR, Burton JW, Carter JR, Wilson RF. Genetic background and environment influence palmitate content of soybean seed oil. Crop Sci. 2001;14:1731-1736.
39. Wilcox JR, Cavins JF.Normal and reduced linoenic acid soybean strains: Crop Sci. 1992;32:1248-251.
40. Lotti C, Marcotrigiano AR, Giovanni C, Resta P, Ricciardi A, Zonno V, Fanizza G, Ricciardi L. Univariate and multivariate analysis performed on bio-agronomical traits of Cucumis melo L. germplasm. Genet Resour Crop Ev. 2008;55:511-522.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-Products
Volume 9, Special
March 2020
Pages 87-96

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics