Evaluating Antibacterial Effects of Alcoholic Extracts and Essential Oil of Althaea officinalis Against Two Types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumonia)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran

2 Ministry of Education, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran

3 Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

4 Department of Agriculture, Jouybar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jouybar, Iran

Abstract

Regarding the emergence of microbial resistant strains to chemical drugs, it was important to make efforts for finding new antimicrobial factors with fewer side effects for substituting chemical drugs. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of alcoholic extracts (ethanol and ethyl acetate). Althaea officinalis L. parts (flower, leaf, stem and root) were considered against two positive and negative bacteria types of pneumonia (Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumonia) under laboratory conditions. In order to investigate anti-microbial activities of alcoholic extracts and A. officinalis essence in different concentrations, they were affected over mentioned bacteria by using the Diffusion Disk method. Penicillin, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin were used as a positive control and Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and DMSO solvents as negative control and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) have been determined. Taking essence has been conducted by the Clevenger system. Its chemical combinations were identified by GC-MS. Results showed that stem (total) ethanol extracts and A. officinalis essences (in the concentration 100 mg/ml) have the highest microbial properties on K. pneumonia. The ethanol extract was affected on all components of A. officinalis and Ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and stem over K. pneumonia and A. officinalis essence (in the concentration 12.5 µl/ml) over both bacteria. Gentamicin as an anti-biotic had good inhibitory power against bacteria as a positive control in comparing other antibiotics. 56 combinations of Althaea officinalis essence were extracted by more than 93% of main combinations consisted of Thymol, p-Cymene, γ-Terpinene, β-pinene, Terpineol, Carvacrol. The more extract and essence concentration increased antibacterial properties and inhibitory halo diameter.  A. officinalis extracted combinations with anti-bacterial properties were considered as the main factor for consuming A. officinalis in different industries as an herbal drug by natural origin and anti-bacterial effects.

Keywords

References

  1. Ding Y., Tang J., Guo F. Identification of drug-side effect association via multiple information integration with centered kernel alignment. Neurocomputing. 2019; 325:211-224.
  2. Zhang W., Zou H., Luo L., Liu Q., Wu W., Xiao W. Predicting potential side effects of drugs by recommender methods and ensemble learning. Neurocomputing. 2016, 173:979-987.
  3. Liang Y.Z., Xie P., Chan K. Quality control of herbal medicines. Chromatography B J. 2004, 812:53-70.
  4. Ismail S.M. Cholinesterase and Aliesterase as a Natural Enzymatic Defense against Chlorpyrifos in Field Populations of Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisdüval, 1833) (Lepidoptera, Noctüidae). Plant Bioinform Biotech J. 2021; 1:41-50.
  5. Shirazi Z., Khakdan F. In Silico Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Glutathione Peroxidase Gene Family in Wild Cherries (Prunus avium L). Plant Bioinform Biotech J. 2021, 1:60-72.
  6. Jafari-Sales A., Jafari B., Sayyahi J., Zohoori-Bonab T. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of malva neglecta and Althaea officinalis l. On antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus. Biol Today World J. 2015, 4:58-62.
  7. Mahboubi M. Marsh Mallow (Althaea officinalis L.) and Its Potency in the Treatment of Cough. Complementary Medicine Res. 2020, 27:174-183.
  8. Rouhi H., Ganji F. Effect of Althaea officinalis on cough associated with ACE inhibitors. Pakistan J Nutrition. 2007; 6:256-258.
  9. Al-Snafi A.E. The pharmaceutical importance of Althaea officinalis and Althaea rosea: A review. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2013; 5:1387-1385.
  10. Sutovska M., Nosalova G., Franova S., Kardosova A. The antitussive activity of polysaccharides from Althaea officinalis l., var. Robusta, Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules, and Prunus persica L., Batsch. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy. 2007; 108:93-99.
  11. Kardošová A., Machová E. Antioxidant activity of medicinal plant polysaccharides. Fitoterapia. 2006, 77:367-373.
  12. Gasparetto JC, Martins CAF, Hayashi SS, Otuky MF, Pontarolo R: Ethnobotanical and scientific aspects of Malva sylvestris L.. a millennial herbal medicine. Pharmacy and Pharmacology J. 2012; 64:172-189.
  13. Pal R., Mamidi M.K., Das A.K., Bhonde R: Diverse effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the differentiation potential of human embryonic stem cells. Archives of Toxicology. 2012; 86:651-661.
  14. Yehl K., Lemire S., Yang A.C., Ando H., Mimee M., Torres MDT, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Lu TK: Engineering phage host-range and suppressing bacterial resistance through phage tail fiber mutagenesis. Cell. 2019; 179:459-469. e459.
  15. Shah S.A., Akhtar N., Akram M., Shah P.A., Saeed T., Ahmed K., Asif H. Pharmacological activity of Althaea officinalis L. Medicinal Plants Res J. 2011; 5:5662-5666.
  16. Zareii B., Seyfi T., Movahedi R., Cheraghi J., Ebrahimi S. Antibacterial effects of plant extracts of Alcea digitata L., Satureja bachtiarica L. and Ferulago angulata L. Babol University Of Medical Sci J. 2014; 16:31-37.
  17. Gupta V.K., Fatima A., Faridi U., Negi A.S., Shanker K., Kumar J., Rahuja N., Luqman S., Sisodia B.S., Saikia D. Antimicrobial potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. Ethnopharmacology J. 2008; 116:377-380.
  18. Suleiman M.M., McGaw L., Naidoo V., Eloff J. Detection of antimicrobial compounds by bioautography of different extracts of leaves of selected South African tree species. African Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines J. 2010; 7.
  19. Asl N.N., Hosseinzadeh H. Review of antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and its active component, glycyrrhizin. Medicinal Plants J. 2007; 6.
  20. Eshraghi S., Amin G., Fakhri S. Study of antibacterial and phytochemical properties of 12 herb extracts against pathogenic nocardia strains. Veterinary J. 2009.
  21. Walter C., Shinwari Z.K., Afzal I., Malik R.N. Antibacterial activity in herbal products used in Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2011; 43:155-162.
  22. Gautam S.S., Navneet S.K., Chauhan R. Antimicrobial efficacy of Althaea officinalis Linn. seed extracts and essential oil against respiratory tract pathogens. Applied Pharmaceutical Sci J. 2015; 5:115-119.
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-Products
Volume 12, Issue 1
March 2023
Pages 107-115

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics