Comparative HPLC Analysis of 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol in Soil-Based and Soilless-Grown Ginger

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Ginger or Zingiber officinale Roscoe is a well-known herbal medicine and is widely used in Asian cuisine. Its major bioactive compounds, 6-gingerol and its dehydrated form, 6-shogaol, were reported to have potential medicinal properties. However, previous phytochemical studies on the compounds are limited to conventionally grown or soil-based ginger, neglecting soilless ginger grown through hydroponic techniques. This technique has been widely adopted as an alternative to circumvent soil-related complications. Therefore, this study aimed to compare both marker compounds in soil-based (SB) and soilless-grown hydroponic (HP) ginger extracted in different ethanol concentrations (95% and 100%) using high-performance liquid chromatography. The study initially found that 6-gingerol concentration in 95% SB ginger ethanolic extract (1.012%) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in 95% HP dried ginger (HP1) ethanolic extract (0.314%). The 6-gingerol content for both gingers were also significantly higher (p<0.05) in 95% ethanolic extracts compared to 100% ethanolic extracts. The analysis was also performed with fresh-dried HP ginger (HP2), and it was found that the HP2 ginger (0.75%) has a significantly higher 6-gingerol concentration (p<0.05) compared to HP1 ginger (0.314%), confirming that the previous results were implicated by storage conditions. The concentration of 6-gingerol in 95% SB ginger extract (1.012%) differ significantly compared to those in HP2 extract (0.75%) while both gingers have equivalent amount of low 6-shogaol concentrations (0.0004% and 0.0005% respectively). It is worth to note that HP ginger grown in soilless condition could still produce high amount of 6-gingerol. This finding encourages the usage of HP ginger in pharmacological studies considering the other economic and environmental benefits it offers.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Nafi A., et al. Partial Characterization of an Enzymatic Extract from Bentong Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Bentong). Molecules. 2014; 19: p. 12336-12348.
  2. Kubra I.R, Rao L.J. An impression on current developments in the technology, chemistry, and biological activities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2012; 52(8): p. 651-88.
  3. Kizhakkayil J., Sasikumar B. Diversity, characterization and utilization of ginger: a review. Plant Genetic Resources. 2011; 9(3): p. 464-477.
  4. Committee M.H.M. Malaysian Herbal Monograph. Forest Res Institute Malaysia. 2015; 517-531.
  5. Mao Q.Q., et al. Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods. 2019; 8(6).
  6. Jafarzadeh A., Nemati M. Therapeutic potentials of ginger for treatment of Multiple sclerosis: A review with emphasis on its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. J Neuroimmunol. 2018; 324: p. 54-75.
  7. Teng H., et al. Comparing the effects of microwave radiation on 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc). PLoS One. 2019; 14(6): p. e0214893.
  8. Jafarzadeh H., et al., Making sense of COVID-19 over time in New Zealand: Assessing the public conversation using Twitter. PLoS One. 2021; 16(12): p. e0259882.
  9. Ali B.H., et al. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46(2): p. 409-20.
  10. Kim C.Y., et al. Neuroprotective Effect and Molecular Mechanism of [6]-Gingerol against Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in C57BL/6 Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018; 2018: p. 8941564.
  11. Kim J.K., et al. [6]-Gingerol prevents UVB-induced ROS production and COX-2 expression in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Res. 2007; 41(5): p. 603-14.
  12. Qian Q.H., et al. Effect of gingerol on substance P and NK1 receptor expression in a vomiting model of mink. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010; 123(4): p. 478-84.
  13. Shukor N.I.A., et al. The changes of chemical quality of ginger during postharvest storage at chilling temperature. Food Res. 2020; 4(5): p. 1653-1662.
  14. Yaseer S.M, Mohamad A.M. Commercial ginger production using fertigation system. Bulletin Teknol MARDI. 2012; (1): p. 97-105.
  15. Yaseer S.M., et al. Effects of Organic Substrates on Growth and Yield of Ginger Cultivated Using Soilless Culture. Malays. Appl. Bio. 2015; 44(3): p. 63-68.
  16. Srivastava V., et al. Agroecological Responses of Heavy Metal Pollution with Special Emphasis on Soil Health and Plant Performances. Frontiers in Environmental Sci. 2017; 5.
  17. Sambo P., et al. Hydroponic Solutions for Soilless Production Systems: Issues and Opportunities in a Smart Agriculture Perspective. Front Plant Sci. 2019; 10: p. 923.
  18. Guideline I.H.T. Validation of analytical procedures: Text and Methodology. Q2 (R1). 2005; 1(20): p. 05.
  19. Kajsongkram T., et al. Development and Validation of a HPLC Method for 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol in Joint Pain Relief Gel Containing Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Int J Med and Health Sci. 2015; 9(12).
  20. Khalib S.C. Development and Validation of a HPLC-UV Method for Standardization of Zingiber Cassumunar Roxb. Based on Selected Chemical Markers, in FACULTY OF PHARMACY. UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA. p. 84.
  21. Watson D.G. Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Textbook for Pharmacy Students and Pharmaceutical Chemists. 2 ed. 2012; London: Churchill Livingstone.
  22. Ok S., Jeong W.S. Optimization of Extraction Conditions for the 6-Shogaol-rich Extract from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2012; 17: p. 166-171.
  23. Sharif M.F., Bennett M.T. The effect of different methods and solvents on the extraction of polyphenols in ginger (Zingiber officinale). J Teknol (Sci Engin). 2016; 78(11-2): p. 49-54.
  24. Hawlader M.N.A., Perera C.O, Tian M. Comparison of the Retention of 6-Gingerol in Drying of Ginger Under Modified Atmosphere Heat Pump Drying and other Drying Methods. Drying Technol. 2006; 24(1): p. 51-56.
  25. Zhang X., et al. Gingerol Decreases after Processing and Storage of Ginger. J Food Sci. 1994; 59(6).
  26. Wills R., et al. Physiology and biochemistry. Postharvest: An introduction to the physiology and handling of fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. 2007; p. 28-51.
  27. Asamenew G., et al. Characterization of phenolic compounds from normal ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora Wall.) using UPLC–DAD–QToF–MS. European Food Res Technol. 2019; 245: p. 653-665.
  28. Bailey-Shaw Y.A., et al. Changes in the contents of oleoresin and pungent bioactive principles of Jamaican ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) during maturation. J Agric Food Chem. 2008; 56(14): p. 5564-5571.
  29. Jiang H., et al. Characterization of gingerol‐related compounds in ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry: An Int J Devoted to the Rapid Dissemination of Up‐to‐the‐Minute Res in Mass Spectrometry. 2005; 19(20): p. 2957-2964.
  30. Sanwal S.K., et al. Antioxidant phytochemicals and gingerol content in diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Scientia Horticulturae. 2010; 124(2): p. 280-285.
  31. Ahui M.L.B., et al. Identification of gingerols in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacologic studies of its aqueous extract on the rabbit isolated duodenum contractility. J Phys Pharm Adv. 2013; 3: p. 16-26.
  32. Tanweer S., et al. Comparison and HPLC quantification of antioxidant profiling of ginger rhizome, leaves and flower extracts. Clinical Phytoscience. 2020; 6(12).
  33. Ko M.J., Nam H.H, Chung M.S. Conversion of 6-gingerol to 6-shogaol in ginger (Zingiber officinale) pulp and peel during subcritical water extraction. Food Chem. 2019; 270: p. 149-155.
  34. Yaseer S.M., Adzemi M.A, Zaliha W. Effect of Organic Substrates On Ginger Growth, Yield and [6]-Gingerol Content Cultivated Using Soilless Culture System. Agrofor. 2018; 3.
  35. Sida S., Samakradhamrongthai R., Utama-ang N. Influence of maturity and drying temperature on antioxidant activity and chemical compositions in ginger. Current Applied Sci and Technol. 2019; 19: p. 28-42.
  36. Vedashree M., et al. Characterization of volatile components from ginger plant at maturity and its value addition to ice cream. J Food Sci Technol. 2020; 57(9): p. 3371-3380.
  37. El-Kazzaz A. Soilless Agriculture a New and Advanced Method for Agriculture Development: an Introduction. Agric Res Technol: Open Access J. 2017; 3(2).
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-Products
Volume 12, Issue 4
December 2023
Pages 319-328

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics