Comprehensive Study of the Hemostatic Properties of Achillea millefolium and Silver Nanoparticles

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The Achillea millefolium plant is used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as wound healing, disinfection, etc., due to its bioactive compounds, such as sesquiterpenes and flavonoids. This study aimed to investigate the hemostatic properties of silver nanoparticles, Achillea millefolium extract, as well as the effect of combining these two substances and the antibacterial effect of yarrow. To conduct this study, first, the Achillea millefolium plant was extracted using ethanol, and then GC-MS was used to examine the components of the extract. Also, coagulation properties were evaluated using PT, PTT, and CT tests. In order to investigate the antibacterial properties of Achillea millefolium extract, two species of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used. The results showed that silver nanoparticles and Achillea millefolium extract have hemostatic properties and are able to reduce blood clotting time, and Achillea millefolium also has antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus. Given the hemostatic and antibacterial properties of Achillea millefolium, this plant can be used to stop bleeding from wounds.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Jones A.R., Miller J., Brown M. Epidemiology of trauma-related hemorrhage and time to definitive care across North America: making the case for bleeding control education. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2023;38(6):780-783
  2. Ansari A., Khosronezhad F., Shallageh Y., Zare A., Afaghi Saray S., Hasanzadeh M. A review of hemostatic agents and products. Journal of Iranian Blood Transfusion. 2021;18(4):291–312.
  3. Shah A., Palmer A.J.R., Klein A.A. Strategies to minimize intraoperative blood loss during major surgery. British Journal of Surgery. 2020;107(2):e26–e38.
  4. Baunthiyal M., Semwal P., Dwivedi S. Haemostatic potential of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals. Journal of Mountain Research. 2021;16(1):93–102.
  5. Saeidnia S., Gohari A.R., Mokhber-Dezfuli N., Kiuchi F. A review on phytochemistry and medicinal properties of the genus Achillea. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011;19(3):173–186.
  6. Hanif M.A., Nawaz H., Khan M.M., Byrne H.J. Medicinal plants of South Asia: novel sources for drug discovery. Elsevier (book). 2019.
  7. Lakshmi T., Geetha R.V., Roy A., Kumar S.A. Achillea millefolium Linn.: a herbal medicinal plant with broad therapeutic use — a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2011;9(2):136–141.
  8. Far B.F., Behzad G., Khalili H. Achillea millefolium: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical drug–drug interactions and tolerability. Heliyon. 2023;9(12):e17621.
  9. Mohanty S., Mishra S., Jena P., Jacob B., Sarkar B., Sonawane A. Antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antibiofilm efficacy of starch-stabilized silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2012;8(6):916–924.
  10. Chen X., Schluesener H.J. Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical application. Toxicology Letters. 2008;176(1):1–12.
  11. Chaudhry Q., Scotter M., Blackburn J., Ross B., Boxall A., Castle L., et al. Applications and implications of nanotechnologies for the food sector. Food Additives & Contaminants. 2008;25(3):241–258.
  12. Dreaden E.C., El-Sayed M.A. Detecting and destroying cancer cells using noble metals and nanoscale confinement. Accounts of Chemical Research. 2012;45(11):1854–1865.
  13. Kwan K.H., Yeung K.W., Liu X., Wong K.K., Shum H.C., Lam Y.W., et al. Silver nanoparticles alter proteoglycan expression in the promotion of tendon repair. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2014;10(7):1375–1383.
  14. Banaee M., Nematdoost Haghi B., Mohiseni M., Gholizade B. The effect of Achillea (Achillea millefolium L.) extract on blood biochemical parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Aquatic Ecology. 2016;5(3):89–101.
  15. Mazinani J., Vatandoost J., Vaezi-Kakhki M.R., Qarat F. Measuring the effect of ethanolic extract of Plantago major L. seeds on blood coagulation in vitro. Iranian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 2019;36(4):552–559.
  16. Pagana K.D., Pagana T.J. Mosby’s manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests. Elsevier Health Sciences (book). 2017;7th ed.
  17. Kennedy C.C., Rocks M.J. Bedside control of heparin therapy by a simple whole-blood clotting method. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973;26(11):893–894.
  18. Kryvtsova M., Koščová J. Antibiofilm-forming and antimicrobial activity of Arnica montana L. and Achillea millefolium L. extracts on Staphylococcus spp. Biotechnologia Acta. 2020;13(1):30–37.
  19. Zhong Y., Hu H., Min N., Wei Y., Li X., Li X. Application and outlook of topical hemostatic materials: a narrative review. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2021;9(7):577.
  20. Mikhail C., Pennington Z., Arnold P.M., Brodke D.S., Chapman J.R., Chutkan N., et al. Minimizing blood loss in spine surgery. Global Spine Journal. 2020;10(1 Suppl):71S–83S.
  21. Cullifer R.M., Makai G., Pacis M., Huynh T. Topical hemostatic and tissue-sealing agents in gynecologic surgery. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;32(4):285–291.
  22. Chan K.Y., Yong A.S., Wang X., Ringgold K.M., St. John A.E., Baylis J.R., et al. The adhesion of clots in wounds contributes to hemostasis and can be enhanced by coagulation factor XIII. Scientific Reports. 2020;10:20116.
  23. Sellerberg U., Glasl H. Pharmacognostical examination concerning the hemostyptic effect of Achillea millefolium aggregate. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 2000;68(2):201–206.
  24. Bagheri A., Amin G., Tavangar S.M., Heidari M., Bagheri J. Safety and hemostatic effect of Achillea millefolium L. in localized bleeding. Hepatology Forum. 2024;6(1):1–4.
  25. Chahardoli A., Qalekhani F., Hajmomeni P., Shokoohinia Y., Fattahi A. Enhanced hemocompatibility, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of biomolecule-stabilized AgNPs with cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):1186.
  26. Nyshchuk-Oliinyk N.B., Fedorov S.V. Prognostic factors of chronic coronary syndrome in patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. Emergency Medical Service. 2020;7(3):153–157.
  27. Biro-Sandor Z. Assessment report on Achillea millefolium L., herba. European Medicines Agency. 2011:1–23.
  28. Nemeth E., Bernath J. Biological activities of Achillea species (Achillea spp.). Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2008;14(29):3151–3167.
  29. Laloy J., Minet V., Alpan L., Mullier F., Beken S., Toussaint O., et al. Impact of silver nanoparticles on haemolysis, platelet function and coagulation. Nanobiomedicine. 2014;1:4.
  30. Stevens K.N., Crespo-Biel O., van den Bosch E.E., Dias A.A., Knetsch M.L., Aldenhoff Y.B., et al. The relationship between the antimicrobial effect of catheter coatings containing silver nanoparticles and the coagulation of contacting blood. Biomaterials. 2009;30(22):3682–3690.
  31. Sattari M., Tabarraee B., Bigdeli M. Identification of the constituents of Achillea santolina essential oil and evaluation of the anti-microbial effects of its extract and essential oil. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2011;14(3):1–10.
  32. Yeltay G., Anarbekova G., Mukhtubayeva S., Myssaev K., Iskakov K., Bekenova N., et al. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and preclinical evaluation of common Achillea (Achillea millefolium L.). Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2025;23(1):81–88.
  33. Sales A.J., Malekzadeh P., Ebrahimzadeh M., Kondlaji K.B., Kaleybar V.P., Dizaji A.S. Evaluation of the anti-bacterial effects of ethanolic extract of Achillea (Achillea wilhelmsii) on antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Science and Today's World. 2015:189-192
Journal of Medicinal plants and By-products
Volume 15, Issue 2
January and February 2026
Pages 249-254

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics